Effect of Inorganic and Bio-fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Brinjal in the Hilly Conditions of Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand

Vegetables are those annual, biennial, and non-woody perennial plants that are used for either raw or cooked consumption of their juvenile succulent plant parts, such as their roots, rhizomes, bulbs, stems, blooms, leaves, seeds, and fruits (Singh et al., 2020; Keatinge et al., 2011; Dias, 2012). They are high in nutrients and vital components of a healthy diet. Vegetables are considered protective foods since they can help avoid various ailments. Many vegetables are important trade items so that they can play a large part in economic development (Susmitha et al., 2023; Ülger et al., 2018). Brinjal (Solanum insanum), which belongs to the Solanaceae family, is commonly known as Aubergine or Eggplant. Tender or semi-hardy annual vegetables are typically grown from this tropical, perennial plant (Arti et al., 2020; Demir, 2020). Conventional pharmaceutical frameworks utilize different parts of plants, such as natural products. Brinjal is commercially grown in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, China, and the Philippines (Sachan et al., 2021). In India, major brinjal-producing states are Odisha, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra. Nutritionally, it is an important vegetable containing vitamins (A, B, C, and K) and minerals (iron, phosphorus, and calcium) (Mirza, 2023; Ülger et al., 2018; Dias, 2023; Senthilkumar et al., 2019).  It also has Ayurveda properties, hence is being used as a medicine for curing diabetes and several liver problems (Kudlu and Stone 2013). Apart from this, it is a good appetizer, aphrodisiac, and laxative as well. India is one of the leading producers of brinjal (eggplant) in the world. It ranks second after China, contributing about 21-22% of the total global production, with an annual production of around 12.8–13.0 million tonnes. Additionally, the best time to plant brinjal is the Rabi season. Some prominent kinds incorporated into local cuisines include the Pusa Purple Cluster and Round, Azad Kranti, and the elongated Pusa Purple Long, Arka Shirish, Arka Kusumkar, Arka Nidhi, and Pusa Barsat. (Singh et al., 2014)

In Uttarakhand, brinjal is an important vegetable crop grown in both plains and mid-hill regions. According to recent estimates of the Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, the area under brinjal cultivation in Uttarakhand is about 2.12 thousand hectares, with an annual production of approximately 22.7 thousand tonnes (Towards Sustainable Horticulture in the Himalayas: A Development Framework from Uttarakhand 2025). The crop contributes significantly to the state's vegetable economy due to its adaptability to diverse agro-climatic conditions and its importance in the daily diet. The steady production trend indicates the growing importance of brinjal cultivation for nutritional security and income generation of farmers in the region (Harish et al., 2023; Singh et al., 2014)

 Inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers play a vital role in improving the growth, yield, and quality of brinjal crop by ensuring the balanced availability of essential plant nutrients (Kumari et al., 2025; Sumanth et al., 2024; Sachan et al., 2021; Mishra et al., 2017). Macronutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), along with secondary nutrients like calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulphur (S), are crucial for various metabolic processes, including photosynthesis, protein synthesis, root development, enzyme activation, and energy transfer, which ultimately enhance crop productivity. Nitrogen improves vegetative growth and chlorophyll formation, while phosphorus promotes root development and energy metabolism (ATP and ADP), and potassium enhances enzyme activity, nutrient translocation, and stress tolerance (Sumanth et al., 2024; Sathe and Raskar, 2023; Saha et al., 2023; Padhiary and Dubey, 2022). Micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), boron (B), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), chloride (Cl), and nickel (Ni) are required in small quantities. Still, they are essential for enzyme function, hormone regulation, reproductive development, and photosynthetic processes, thereby improving fruit quality and yield in brinjal. Biofertilizers such as Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Blue-green algae, Azolla, and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) enhance nutrient availability by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and converting insoluble phosphorus and potassium into plant-available forms (Kumar et al., 2020; Abbas et al., 2021; Sharma et al., 2024; Sachan et al., 2021; Padhiary and Dubey, 2022). They improve soil fertility, reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers, and promote sustainable agriculture by maintaining soil health and enhancing nutrient use efficiency (Suraj et al., 2025; Rathore et al., 2025; Manickam et al., 2022; Kumar et al., 2021)

Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the Effects of Inorganic and Biofertilizers on the growth and Yield of brinjal to identify an efficient and sustainable nutrient management strategy suitable for the hilly agroclimatic conditions of Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand.

Experimental site

The experiment was conducted in the Department of Rural Technology, Demonstration unit, and Laboratory at Chauras Campus, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand, during the kharif crop season (monsoon period) of 2023. Geographically, Chauras is situated 4 km East of Srinagar city at 30.22°N 78.78°E, 132 kilometers from Haridwar on the Haridwar-Badrinath Dham Highway (NH-58), at 540 meters above MSL, in the mid-hill region of Uttarakhand.Crop Variety

The present experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2023–24 to evaluate the effect of inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers on the growth and yield of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) variety Pusa Purple Cluster. We brought the seeds from IARI in New Delhi. The experiment used the Pusa Purple Cluster cultivar, which was released by IARI in New Delhi. Treatments

The experiment consisted of eight treatment combinations involving inorganic macronutrients (NPK), micronutrients (Borax and ZnSO₄), bio-fertilizers a control treatment. The treatments included T₁ (NPK), T₂ (NPK + Rhizobium), T₃ (NPK + Borax), T₄ (NPK + PSB), T₅ (NPK + ZnSO₄), T₆ (NPK + PSB + Rhizobium), T₇ (NPK + Borax + ZnSO₄ + PSB + Rhizobium), and T₈ (Control). Experimental Design and Layout

The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and a total of eight treatments, each with eight plants, and each bed held 12 plants, resulting in 24 experimental plots. Each plot measured 3.0 m × 1.2 m with a spacing of 60 × 45 cm between plants. The area of each plot was 3.6 m², and the total net experimental area was 86.4 m². Transplanting of seedlings was carried out on 15 July 2023, during the Kharif season, to assess the crop's growth and yield performance under different nutrient combinations.

Plate 1: Preparation of the seedbed & raising of seedlings

Plate 2: (A) Experimental site	(B). Watering after transplantation	(C) A View during Weeding

Results

The experimental results obtained from the present experiment on the effect of Inorganic and Bio-fertilizers on the growth and Yield of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) cv. Pusa Purple Cluster. The observations were recorded at different growth stages and statistically analyzed using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) in Tables 1 and 2. The results are discussed under the following headings:Growth Parameters

Plant height is considered an important growth characteristic associated with life span maturity and plant yield.  The mean plant height under eight treatments was recorded at 30, 60, and 90 DAT. Plant height is an important growth parameter associated with plant vigor, maturity, and yield potential. The mean plant height of eight treatments was recorded at 30, 60, and 90 DAT. At all growth stages (30, 60, and 90 DAT), treatment T₇ (RDF + Borax + Zinc + PSB + Rhizobium) recorded the maximum plant height of 30.60 cm, 71.73 cm, and 84.73 cm, respectively. Similarly, treatment T₃ (RDF + Borax) remained the second-best treatment at all stages, with plant heights of 29.33 cm, 59.66 cm, and 73.73 cm at 30, 60, and 90 DAT, respectively. The minimum plant height at all stages was recorded in T₈ (Control) with 19.00 cm, 47.40 cm, and 59.20 cm, respectively, which was closely followed by T₁ (RDF) with plant height of 26.33 cm, 52.40 cm, and 62.40 cm at 30, 60, and 90 DAT, respectively. The results indicated that the combined application of RDF along with micronutrients and biofertilizers (T₇) consistently produced significantly higher plant height throughout the crop growth period.

The number of primary branches per plant is an important growth parameter that contributes to canopy development and yield potential. The mean number of primary branches per plant was recorded at 30, 60, and 90 DAT under eight treatments. At all the growth stages (30, 60, and 90 DAT), treatment T₇ (RDF + Borax + Zinc + PSB + Rhizobium) recorded the maximum number of primary branches per plant with values of 6.73, 8.60, and 11.46, respectively. Similarly, treatment T₃ (RDF + Borax) remained the second-best treatment at all stages, with 6.20, 8.20, and 10.53 primary branches per plant at 30, 60, and 90 DAT, respectively. The minimum number of primary branches per plant at all stages was recorded in T₈ (Control), with values of 2.20, 4.93, and 8.40, respectively, closely followed by T₁ (RDF) with 6.23, 7.20, and 8.60 primary branches per plant at 30, 60, and 90 DAT, respectively. The results indicated that the combined application of RDF with micronutrients and biofertilizers (T₇) consistently produced a significantly more primary branches per plant throughout the crop growth period.

Stem diameter is an important growth parameter that reflects plant vigor and structural strength. The mean stem diameter of eight treatments was recorded at 30, 60, and 90 DAT. At all growth stages (30, 60, and 90 DAT), treatment T₇ (RDF + Borax + Zinc + PSB + Rhizobium) recorded the maximum stem diameter with values of 3.20 cm, 3.93 cm, and 5.61 cm, respectively. Similarly, treatment T₃ (RDF + Borax) remained the second-best treatment at all stages, with stem diameters of 2.77 cm, 3.39 cm, and 5.12 cm at 30, 60, and 90 DAT, respectively. The minimum stem diameter at all stages was recorded in T₈ (Control) with values of 2.06 cm, 3.16 cm, and 4.04 cm, respectively, closely followed by T₁ (RDF) with 2.41 cm, 3.34 cm, and 4.44 cm stem diameter at 30, 60, and 90 DAT, respectively. The results indicated that the combined application of RDF along with micronutrients and biofertilizers (T₇) consistently produced significantly higher stem diameter throughout the crop growth period.

Days to first flowering and 50% flowering are important parameters indicating crop earliness. The earliest first flowering and 50% flowering were recorded in treatment T₇ (RDF + Borax + Zinc + PSB + Rhizobium) compared to other treatments. In contrast, the maximum number of days taken to first flowering and 50% flowering was observed in treatment T₈ (Control). The results indicated that the combined application of RDF along with micronutrients and biofertilizers (T₇) promoted early flowering compared to the control treatment.

Table 1: Effect of inorganic and biofertilizers on Growth Parameters in Brinjal

Figure 1: Influence of Different Treatments on Days to Plant Height in Brinjal

Figure 2: Influence of Different Treatments on the Number of Primary Branches in Brinjal

Figure 3: Influence of Different Treatments on Stem diameter Diameter in Brinjal

Figure 4: Influence of Different Treatments on Days to First Flower Initiation and 50 % flowering

Yield Parameters

The mean performance of eight treatments for yield parameters showed significant variation across different combinations of inorganic fertilizers, micronutrients, and biofertilizers. The number of fruits per plant ranged from 7.66 to 12.66, with the maximum number of fruits recorded in treatment T₇ (RDF + Borax + Zinc + PSB + Rhizobium) (12.66), followed by T₃ (RDF + Borax) (11.60), whereas the minimum number of fruits was observed in T₈ (Control) (7.66), closely followed by T₁ (RDF) (9.00). Fruit length varied from 8.69 cm to 10.75 cm, with the maximum fruit length recorded in T₇ (10.75 cm), followed by T₃ (10.23 cm), while the minimum fruit length was observed in T₈ (Control) (8.69 cm), closely followed by T₁ (9.76 cm). Fruit diameter ranged from 2.30 cm to 4.44 cm, with the maximum fruit diameter recorded in T₇ (4.44 cm), followed by T₃ (3.98 cm), whereas the minimum fruit diameter was observed in T₈ (Control) (2.30 cm), closely followed by T₁ (3.10 cm). Fruit weight ranged from 15.28 g to 39.98 g, with the maximum fruit weight recorded in T₇ (39.98 g), followed by T₃ (28.69 g), while the minimum fruit weight was observed in T₈ (Control) (15.28 g), closely followed by T₁ (19.30 g). Fruit yield per plant ranged from 0.22 kg to 0.34 kg, with the highest fruit yield per plant recorded in T₇ (0.34 kg), followed by T₃ (0.29 kg) and T₆ (0.26 kg), whereas the lowest fruit yield per plant was observed in T₈ (Control) (0.22 kg), closely followed by T₁ (0.22 kg) and T₂ (0.23 kg). Similarly, fruit yield per plot ranged from 1.02 kg to 2.95 kg, with the highest yield recorded in T₇ (2.95 kg), followed by T₃ (2.41 kg) and T₆ (2.32 kg), while the lowest yield per plot was observed in T₈ (Control) (1.02 kg), followed by T₁ (1.67 kg). Overall, the results indicated that the combined application of RDF along with micronutrients and biofertilizers (T₇) significantly improved yield and its contributing characters compared to other treatments.

Table 1: Effect of inorganic and bio-fertilizers on Yield Parameters in Brinjal

Figure 5: Influence of Different Treatments on Number of fruits/plant, fruit length, and fruit diameter

Figure 6: Influence of Different Treatments on fruit weight, fruit yield/plant, and fruit yield/plot

Discussion

The present experiment clearly indicated that the combined application of inorganic fertilizers, micronutrients, and biofertilizers significantly influenced the growth and yield parameters of brinjal cv. Pusa Purple Cluster under the mid-hill conditions of Srinagar Garhwal. Among all treatments, T₇ (RDF + Borax + ZnSO₄ + PSB + Rhizobium) consistently recorded superior performance in terms of plant height, number of primary branches, stem diameter, early flowering, and yield attributes compared to individual or partial nutrient treatments.

The significant increases in plant height, number of primary branches, and stem diameter under treatment T₇ may be attributed to the balanced, synergistic supply of essential nutrients. Nitrogen helps vegetative growth and chlorophyll formation, phosphorus enhances root development and energy transfer, while potassium regulates enzyme activity and nutrient translocation. The addition of micronutrients such as boron and zinc further improved meristematic activity, cell division, pollen formation, and carbohydrate metabolism, thereby enhancing vegetative growth. Biofertilizers such as PSB and Rhizobium improved nutrient availability by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and solubilizing unavailable phosphorus in the soil, thereby increasing nutrient uptake efficiency. Similar results were reported by Samantha et al., (2024), Baboo et al., (2024), Manickam et al., (2022), Rout et al., (2025), and Bhuvaneswari et al., (2023), who observed that integrated nutrient management improves plant vigor due to better root growth and efficient nutrient utilization.  Earliness in flowering observed in treatment T₇ may be due to the combined effect of micronutrients and biofertilizers, which enriched metabolic activities and hormonal balance in plants. Boron plays an important role in pollen germination and fertilization, while zinc is involved in auxin synthesis, which promotes early flowering. The improved availability of phosphorus also enhances energy transfer and reproductive growth, resulting in reduced days to first flowering and 50% flowering. Similar findings have been reported in solanaceous crops where balanced fertilization accelerated reproductive development (Baboo et al., 2024; Bommi et al., 2025; Jat et al., 2023; Kumari et al., 2020)

Yield attributes, such as number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, and fruit yield per plot, were significantly influenced by different nutrient combinations. Treatment T₇ recorded the highest number of fruits per plant (12.66), fruit weight, and yield per plot (2.95 kg), which may be attributed to improved vegetative growth and better translocation of photosynthates from source to sink (Sumanth et al., 2024; Patidar and Bajpai2018; Kumar 2016). Adequate nitrogen supply enhances leaf area and photosynthetic efficiency, while phosphorus and potassium improve fruit development and quality (Sharma et al., 2024; Chethan et al., 2024). Boron enhances cell elongation and sugar transport, and zinc plays an important role in enzyme activation and protein synthesis (Thakur et al., 2023; Sathe and Raskar, 2023; Kumari et al., 2025; Manickam et al., 2022). Biofertilizers improved soil biological activity, nutrient mineralization, and nutrient availability, thereby increasing yield components. The synergistic interaction among inorganic fertilizers, micronutrients, and biofertilizers improved nutrient-use efficiency and productivity (Kiran et al., 2010; Hossain and Akter, 2020; Sarkar et al., 2025; Thakur et al., 2023).

The comparatively lower performance observed in the control (T₈) treatment might be due to inadequate availability of essential nutrients, resulting in poor vegetative growth, delayed flowering, and reduced fruit development. Similarly, treatments receiving only RDF or individual biofertilizers showed moderate improvement, indicating that the sole application of inorganic fertilizers may not be sufficient to achieve maximum yield under hilly conditions. Integrated nutrient management ensures a sustained nutrient supply, improved soil structure, and enhanced microbial activity, ultimately contributing to improved crop performance. These findings are in close agreement with previous studies, which reported that integrated use of inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers enhances productivity and maintains soil health under hill agro-ecosystems.

Based on the results of the present experiment, it can be concluded that the combined use of  inorganic fertilizers, micronutrients, and biofertilizers significantly improved the growth, flowering, and yield parameters of brinjal cv. Pusa Purple Cluster under mid-hill conditions of Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand. Among all treatments, T₇ (RDF + Borax + ZnSO₄ + PSB + Rhizobium) performed best in terms of growth and yield parameters.  Therefore, it may be recommended that the application of RDF along with Borax, ZnSO₄, PSB, and Rhizobium can be adopted as a suitable integrated nutrient management practice under the hilly regions of Uttarakhand and similar agro-climatic conditions.

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