Evaluation of Different Organic Manures on Growth and Yield Performance of Capsicum in the Garhwal Himalayan Region

Suravi Debnath; Santosh Singh; R. S. Negi; Pranav Singh; Kiran Rawat

doi:https://doi.org/10.29321/MAJ.10.261299

Research Article | Open Access | Peer Review

Evaluation of Different Organic Manures on Growth and Yield Performance of Capsicum in the Garhwal Himalayan Region

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Volume : 113

Issue: March(1-3)

Pages: 42 - 51

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29321/MAJ.10.261299

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Abstract

Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.), commonly known as bell pepper or Shimla mirch, is a high-value vegetable crop in India, particularly in Uttarakhand, where yields have fluctuated amid rising chemical fertilizer use and environmental concerns. This study evaluated the impact of nine organic manure treatments on the growth, phenology, and yield of the California Wonder capsicum variety during the 2022 kharif season at the Department of Rural Technology, Chauras Campus, HNB Garhwal University. Laid out in a Randomized Block Design with three replications, treatments included farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, poultry manure, and their combinations. Results showed significant improvements over control (T0) maximum plant height, flowers per plant (20.30), fruits per plant (15.33), fruit weight (92.33 g), and yield (1.31 kg/plant; 22.76 t/ha) in T6 (50% poultry manure + 50% vermicompost). This treatment also promoted earliness (first flowering: 35.66 days; fruit set 50.00 days) and longer pedicels (2.32 cm). Organic manures enhance nutrient availability, soil health, and assimilate partitioning, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical inputs for boosting productivity while mitigating soil degradation.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.29321/MAJ.10.261299

Pages

42 - 51

Creative Commons

Copyright

© The Author(s), 2026. Published by Madras Agricultural Students' Union in Madras Agricultural Journal (MAJ). This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited by the user.

Keywords

Capsicum annuum Organic manure Poultry manure Vermicompost Yield

Introduction

Vegetables hold a significant position in the Indian economy, yielding greater returns per unit area and time. They serve as crucial contributors to both nutritional and economic stability (Mohan et al., 2021; Thakur et al., 2024). (Capsicum annuum L.) A member of the family Solanaceae, commonly known as Shimla mirch, holds significant agricultural and commercial value in India. It is native to Mexico, with the centre of diversity in South America (Mehain Martinez et al., 2010; Aguilar Melendez et al., 2009; Hegde et al., 2017). The bell pepper is a vegetable well known for its high nutritional value, abundant in vital nutrients such as Vitamin C and Vitamin A, and serves a medicinal purpose. Antioxidants play a pivotal role in enhancing the local diet, thereby improving overall nutrition and health outcomes. Their subtle taste, pleasing aroma, diverse array of colours, and nutritional benefits contribute to their worldwide popularity (Mekdes et al., 2017; Olutumise, 2022; Schipmann and Qaim, 2011; Imran et al., 2019; Bajya 2017; Akhtar et al., 2019). In nations such as India, China, Mexico, Spain, Romania, Italy, the United States, Hong Kong, and other European, Central, and South American countries, capsicum is among the most lucrative crops grown (Valenzuela-García et al., 2019). In India, bell pepper is cultivated over about 37 thousand hectares with a production of 586 thousand metric tonnes and productivity of 14.59 MT/ha (Thakur et al 2019; Brar et al., 2020; Negi et al., 2018). In India, Capsicum is estimated to occupy an area of 38000 hectares, with production of 563000 metric tonnes; the share is highest in West Bengal, followed by Karnataka, Haryana, Jharkhand, and Himachal Pradesh (APEDA 2023; Thakur et al., 2024).

In Uttarakhand, Capsicum yields were about 11.5 in 2015, 14.6 in 2016, slightly declined to 13.8 in 2017–2018, and then increased steadily to 15.7 in 2019, 16.0 in 2020, reaching a peak of around 16.5 in 2021–2022. After this peak, the value dropped sharply to 13.5 in 2023 and further declined to about 10.9 in 2024 and 2025 (Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, 2025). Due to the growing population, there is a pressing need to increase crop production significantly. Consequently, farmers are resorting to extensive chemical use, including fertilizers and pesticides, without paying heed to the potential impacts on soil and human health. This intensified chemical application in farming has not only led to contamination of both groundwater and surface water but has also disrupted the delicate balance among soil, plants, and microbial communities (Hossain et al., 2022; Tripathi et al., 2020; Aloo, 2024)

Public apprehension regarding the detrimental effects of pesticides and fertilizers on the environment, as well as on food safety and quality, has been steadily increasing. The utilization of organic manures can encourage the growth of beneficial organisms in the soil, fostering a healthy soil ecosystem. On the other hand, biofertilizers represent a cost-effective and renewable source of essential plant nutrients (Singh et al., 2020; Thakur, 2017). A prudent application of both organic manures and bio-fertilizers has the potential not only to sustain crop productivity but also to preserve soil health. Numerous studies have shown that using organic manures and biofertilizers increases yields and improves the quality characteristics of vegetables. Organic manure can serve as a viable alternative to mineral fertilizers for improving soil structure and microbial biomass (Verma et al., 2024; Sindhu et al., 2020; Thakur, 2017; Liaqat et al., 2018). Organic manure directly contributes to plant growth by supplying all the essential macro and micronutrients in readily accessible forms during the mineralization process. Additionally, it enhances the soil's physical and chemical characteristics (Aulakh et al., 2022).

Therefore, to achieve high-quality capsicum production, it is crucial to employ organic manure for optimal fertilization, considering the adverse effects of inorganic cultivation on the environment, soil, and human health. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different organic manures on the growth and yield of capsicum and to identify the most suitable organic treatment for its cultivation.

Methodology

The study was carried out during the kharif season of 2022 at the Rural Technology Demonstration Unit, located at Chauras Campus, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand. Its objective was to investigate how organic fertilizers influenced the growth and yield of capsicum in open-field conditions.

Geographical location

The Demonstration Unit of the Department of Rural Technology is located at Chauras Campus, Tehri Garhwal District, Uttarakhand. It is located at 78⁰83’82’’ E longitude and 30⁰20’66’’ N latitude at an altitude of 560 m above sea level.

Experimental details

The experiment on the Capsicum variety California Wonder was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and nine treatments per replication. The treatments were T₀, Control; T₁, FYM @ 20t/h; T₂,Vermicompost@5t/h; T₃, Poultry Manure @10t/h; T₄, FYM+ Vermicompost (Both 50%) @10t/h+2.5t/h; T₅, FYM+ Poultry Manure (Both 50%) @10t/h+5t/h; T₆, Poultry Manure + Vermicompost (50%) @ 2.5t/h +5t/h; T₇, FYM+Vermicompost+ Poultry Manure (Each 75%)@15t/h+7.5t/h+1.25t/h; T₈, FYM+Vermicompost+ Poultry Manure (Each 50%)@ 10t/h+ 2.5t/h + 5t/h.

Crop and Field details

The experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2022 (April to August) using the variety California Wonder. Capsicum was planted at 45 × 45 cm spacing in plots measuring 135 × 180 cm, accommodating 12 plants per plot. Transplanting was carried out on 11 April 2022.

Results Discussion

Plant height, number of flowers, days to first flowering, days to first fruit set, fruit number per plant, and yield per plant are presented in Table 1, and pedicel length, fruit weight, and yield attributes are shown in Table 2. The data revealed a significant influence of different organic manure treatments on growth, flowering, fruiting, and yield parameters of capsicum. Plant height increased progressively with crop age (30, 60, and 90 DAS) across all treatments, with the maximum plant height recorded in T₆ (Poultry manure + Vermicompost, both at 50%) and was significantly superior to the control (T₀). The lowest plant height was consistently observed under the control. The number of flowers per plant was also significantly affected by treatments. The highest number of flowers (20.30) was recorded in T₆ (Poultry Manure + Vermicompost (50%)), followed by T₅(FYM+ Poultry Manure (Both 50%)) and T₇(FYM + Vermicompost+ Poultry Manure (Each 75%)), while the minimum number of flowers (13.00) was observed in the control. About the phenological parameters, early flowering and fruit setting were promoted by combined organic manure applications. The minimum days to first flowering (35.66 days) and first fruit setting (50.00 days) were observed in T₆ (Poultry Manure + Vermicompost (50%)), indicating earliness. In contrast, the control treatment took the longest time to first flowering (41.31 days) and fruit setting (56.33 days). The number of fruits per plant differed significantly among treatments. The highest fruits per plant (15.33) were recorded in T₆, followed by T₇ (14.00) and T₂ (Vermicompost) (12.33), while the lowest number (8.33) was noted in the control. Similarly, yield per plant was prominently influenced by treatments. The maximum yield per plant (1.31 kg) was obtained in T₆, followed by T₇ (1.21 kg) and T₅ (1.20 kg). The minimum yield (0.61 kg) was recorded in the control.

The length of the pedicel varied significantly among treatments. The maximum pedicel length (2.32 cm) was recorded under T₃ (Poultry manure) and T₆ (Poultry manure + Vermicompost, both 50%), which were statistically at par with T₄ and T5, while the minimum pedicel length (2.04 cm) was observed in the control (T₀). In fruit weight, an increase was observed with the application of organic manures. The highest fruit weight (92.33 g) was recorded in T₆, which was significantly higher than all other treatments. This was followed by T₇ (FYM+Vermicompost + Poultry Manure (Each 75%)) (83.00 gm) and T₅ (82.66 g). The lowest fruit weight (61.00 gm) was observed under T₂ (Vermicompost), and the next lowest was under T₀ (62.33 gm). Similarly, maximum yield per plot (5.53 kg) was obtained with T₆, followed by T₇ (4.83 kg) and T₅ (4.34 kg), whereas the minimum yield per plot (3.05 kg) was recorded in the control. The highest yield (22.76 t/ha⁻¹) was recorded in T₆, which was significantly higher than all other treatments. This was followed by T₇(19.88 t/ha⁻¹) and T₅ (17.86 t ha⁻¹). The lowest yield (12.55 t ha⁻¹) was obtained in the control. The critical difference (CD) and coefficient of variation (CV) values indicated that the observed differences among treatments were statistically significant.

Table 1: Influence of different treatments on plant height, number of flowers, days to first flowering, days to first fruit set, fruit number per plant, and yield per plant in capsicum
Name of Treatment	Plant height (Cm)			Number of Flower Days to	1^st flowering Days of	Days First fruit setting	Fruits/plant	Yield/ Plant (Kg)
	30 DAS	60 DAS	90 DAS
T₀ (Control)	15.46	27.41	44.34	13.00	41.31	56.33	8.33	0.61
T₁ (FYM)	20.66	34.87	51.10	13.34	40.66	55.66	9.67	0.67
T₂ (Vermicompost)	21.21	39.10	53.16	17.33	39.66	54.67	12.33	0.75
T₃ (Poultry Manure)	20.00	37.63	54.26	15.35	38.30	53.34	10.00	0.85
T₄ (FYM+ Vermicompost (Both 50%))	20.35	36.32	55.18	16.68	36.40	51.37	12.00	1.02
T₅(FYM+ Poultry Manure- (Both 50%))	19.58	37.96	58.20	17.67	36.33	51.66	10.67	1.20
T₆ (Poultry Manure + Vermicompost (Both 50%)	24.66	45.82	64.36	20.30	35.66	50.00	15.33	1.31
T₇FYM+Vermicompost + Poultry Manure (Each 75%)	20.44	40.30	59.20	17.35	38.40	52.32	14.00	1.21
T₈ FYM+Vermicompost + Poultry Manure (Each 50%)	20.50	37.43	48.68	16.31	37.41	51.68	11.67	0.94
C.D.	2.18	2.09	1.72	2.57	1.16	1.59	1.87	0.09
SE(m)	0.72	0.69	0.57	0.85	0.38	0.53	0.62	0.03
SE(d)	1.02	0.98	0.81	1.20	0.54	0.75	0.87	0.04
C.V.	6.16	3.21	1.82	9.01	1.74	1.72	9.29	5.46

.

Figure1: Effect of Different Treatments on Plant Height of Capsicum

Figure 2: Influence of Different Treatments on Days to Flower Initiation, First Flowering, and First Fruit Set in Capsicum

Figure 3: Effect of Different Treatments on Fruits per plants

Table 2: Response of capsicum to different treatments with respect to pedicel length, fruit weight, and yield attribute

Name of Treatment	Length of Pedicel (cm)	Fruit Weight (gm)	Yield/plot (kg)	Yield (t/h^-1)
T₀ (Control)	2.04	62.33	3.05	12.55
T₁ (FYM)	2.26	69.33	3.33	13.70
T₂ (Vermicompost)	2.25	61.00	3.73	15.35
T₃ (Poultry Manure)	2.32	79.33	3.80	15.64
T₄ (FYM+ Vermicompost (Both 50%))	2.26	80.66	4.20	17.28
T₅(FYM+ Poultry Manure- (Both 50%))	2.25	82.66	4.34	17.86
T₆ (Poultry Manure + Vermicompost (Both 50%)	2.32	92.33	5.53	22.76
T₇FYM+Vermicompost + Poultry Manure (Each 75%)	2.13	83.00	4.83	19.88
T₈ FYM+Vermicompost+ Poultry Manure (Each 50%)	2.07	80.33	4.30	17.70
C.D.	0.172	6.29	0.62	3.37
SE(m)	0.057	2.08	0.20	1.03
SE(d)	0.080	2.94	0.29	1.46
C.V.	4.614	4.69	8.69	18.15

Figure 4: Effect of Different Treatments on Length of Pedicel

Figure 5: Effect of Different Treatments on Fruit Weight, Yield per Plot, and Yield per Hectare of Capsicum

Plate 1: A view of the field before harvesting and a close view of the fruit

Plate 2: A view of the irrigation of young seedlings after transplanting and during the irrigation of mature plants

Overall, the experiment's results show that treatment T₆ (50% poultry manure + 50% vermicompost) significantly outperformed in plant height, flowers per plant, days to first flowering, maximum yield per plant, fruit weight, and maximum yield per plot. The control treatment (T₀) shows the lowest overall growth and yield performance in capsicum plants under Uttarakhand's mid-hill conditions. These findings advocate shifting from chemical-intensive farming to organic practices, sustaining soil microbial health, reducing environmental risks, and supporting nutritional security amid Uttarakhand's declining yields (10.9 t/ha in 2024–2025). Farmers can adopt T₆for cost-effective, high-return cultivation, with future research exploring long-term soil resilience and varietal interactions.

Plant height progressed gradually across 30, 60, and 90 DAS under all treatments, high in T₆ (Poultry Manure + Vermicompost (50%)) due to improved nutrient availability and soil microbial activity from poultry manure, rich in nitrogen for vegetative growth, and vermicompost's humic acids, which enhance root development and water retention. This aligns with studies showing that organic amendments boost crop stature by 20-30% compared to controls (Jaipaul et al., 2011; Sen et al., 2022; Mukesh et al., 2023; Suman et al., 2024; Aliyu, 2000). Early flowering (35.66 days) and fruit set (50.00 days) in T₆reflect accelerated phenology from balanced macro and micronutrients, reducing maturity time versus the control's 41.31 and 56.33 days, likely due to vermicompost's plant growth regulators and poultry manure's rapid mineralization (Reddy et al., 2024; Fajinmi and Adebode, 2007; Gangadhar et al., 2020; Jamir et al., 2017; Appireddy et al., 2008).

The superior flower count (20.30 per plant) in T₆, followed by T₅ and T₇, stems from enhanced hormonal signaling and pollen viability promoted by these blends, outperforming single manures like T₂ (Vermicompost). The number of fruits per plant (15.33 in T₆) mirrors this trend, as nutrient synergy supports more reproductive sinks. Control's low values (13.00 flowers, 8.33 fruits) highlight inorganic limitations without organics' slow-release benefits (Ghimire et al., 2023; Reddy et al., 2017; Jakhar et al., 2022; Hazarika et al., 2022)

The T₆ treatment (poultry manure with 50% vermicompost) achieved a top yield of 1.31 kg per plant, equivalent to 22.76 tonnes per hectare. This significantly exceeds previously reported yields of 18–20 t/ha from farmyard manure-poultry manure mixtures. The superior yield is attributed to the production of heavier individual fruits (92.33 gm), resulting from enhanced assimilate partitioning, and longer pedicels (2.32 cm), which improve light interception and reduce fruit shading. Treatments T₇ and T₅ also showed strong, closely trailing performance. In contrast, the control plot yielded only 12.55 t/ha, underscoring the critical role of organic amendments in overcoming inherent soil nutrient deficiencies (Khandaker et al., 2017; Ali et al., 2022; Reddy et al., 2017; Jakhar et al., 2022; Hazarika et al., 2022; Hossaen et al., 2012)

Conclusion

Overall, the experiment's results show that treatment T₆ (50% poultry manure + 50% vermicompost) significantly outperformed in plant height, flowers per plant, days to first flowering, maximum yield per plant, fruit weight, and maximum yield per plot. The control treatment (T₀) shows the lowest overall growth and yield performance in capsicum plants under Uttarakhand's mid-hill conditions. These findings advocate shifting from chemical-intensive farming to organic practices, sustaining soil microbial health, reducing environmental risks, and supporting nutritional security amid Uttarakhand's declining yields (10.9 t/ha in 2024–2025). Farmers can adopt T₆for cost-effective, high-return cultivation, with future research exploring long-term soil resilience and varietal interactions.

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Cite This Article

APA Style

Debnath, S., Singh, S., Negi, R. S., & Rawat, P. (2026). Evaluation of different organic manures on growth and yield performance of capsicum in the Garhwal Himalayan region. Madras Agricultural Journal, 113(1–3), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.29321/MAJ.10.261299

ACS Style

Debnath, S.; Singh, S.; Negi, R. S.; Rawat, P. Evaluation of Different Organic Manures on Growth and Yield Performance of Capsicum in the Garhwal Himalayan Region. Madras Agric. J. 2026, 113 (1–3), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.29321/MAJ.10.261299

AMA Style

Debnath S, Singh S, Negi RS, Rawat P. Evaluation of different organic manures on growth and yield performance of capsicum in the Garhwal Himalayan region. Madras Agricultural Journal. 2026;113(1–3):42-51. doi:10.29321/MAJ.10.261299