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ABSTRACT

Maize is affected by more than 30 insect pests and the recent

attack by the invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda has been a

serious concern to maize growers all over the country. Being polyphagous

with a wider host range, the pest necessitates the use of insecticides in

the hitherto unsprayed maize ecosystems of the country. Evaluation of

newer insecticides against fall armyworm revealed that, the combination

insecticide, chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + lambda cyhalothrin 4.6%ZC

registered lesser infestation after first round of spraying. However after

two rounds of spraying, emamectin benzoate 5%SG, spinetoram 11.7%SC,

chlorantraniliprole

18.5%SC,

flubendiamide

480%SC

and

chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + lambda cyhalothrin 4.6%ZC were on par in their

efficacy in reducing the fall armyworm infestation, though emamectin

benzoate and flubendiamide treated plots registered comparatively higher

yields.

With

respect

B:C

ratio,

emamectin

benzoate

and

chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC registered comparatively higher BC ratio

followed by flubendiamide 480%SC, spinetoram 11.7%SC and

chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + lambda cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC. Thus the above

insecticides can be used in maize ecosystems to effectively tackle the fall

armyworm menace.

Key words: Maize; Fall Armyworm; Spodoptera Frugiperda; New Insecticides; Evaluation

INTRODUCTION

Maize (Zea mays L.), the “Queen of cereals” is a staple crop in India, grown in an area of 8.8 million

ha with a production of 22.5 million tons per year (Sharanabasappa et al. 2020). The crop is cultivated in an

area of 3.55 lakh ha in the state with an annual production of 25.3 lakh tonnes and productivity of 7.1

tonnes/ha (INDIASTAT, 2021). The crop is affected by more than 30 insect pests in field as well as storage

(Mathur, 1992) and with the recent introduction of the invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.

Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) there is a growing concern among maize growers of the country (Lackisha

Navin et al., 2021). It was recorded as a polyphagous invasive pest in Africa during 2016 (Goergen et al.,

2016) which expanded to show its presence in Asia, in 2018. The pest was first observed in Shivamogga,

Karnataka during May, 2018 and in quick succession in different parts of the country viz., Tamil Nadu,

Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal, Gujarat,

Chhatisgarh and Kerala at alarming levels in farmer's field (IIMR-2020). The fall armyworm is having a wider

host range of more than 353 hosts causing widespread threat in the Americas (Montezano et al. 2018).

Yield losses in maize due to fall armyworm infestation goes up to 32% in the United States (Wiseman and

Isenhour, 1993) and 45-60% in Nicaragua (Hruska and Glandstone, 1988).

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The infestation by maize starts at a very early stage viz., 14-21 days causing extensive defoliation

in maize whorls, besides feeding upon tassels and cobs at later stages of the crop (Lamsal et al. 2020). The

first three instars cause damage by scrapping, while late instar larval stages tend to reside and feed inside

the central whorls or funnel leaves (Tefera et al. 2019) causing severe injury to the whorls. The central whorl

is often filled with moist frass and excreta, and the developing larvae plug the whorl region with frass and

feeds inside in a protective environment leading to control failures occasionally (Nidhi et al., 2019).An

attempt was made to evaluate newer molecules with differential mode of action for effectively tackling the

invasive pest and to integrate the same in the IPM programmes.

Emamectin benzoate belongs to the avermectin family, derived as a natural fermentation product

from the soil microorganism, Streptomyces avermitilis (Stavrakaki, 2022). It is a broad-spectrum,

macrocyclic lactone insecticide effective against agricultural and forestry pests and possess less toxic effects

to predators, parasitoids and honeybees) (Jansson et al. 1996). It is a chloride channel activator, stimulates

the 𝛾-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABA-R) and glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls), resulting in

increased membrane chloride ion permeability and disrupts nerve signals in target insect pests (Wu et al.

2016). Spinetoram, is a biological product derived from the soil actinomycete, Saccharopolyspora

polyspinosa. the insecticide affects nicotinic acetyl choline receptors and γamino butyric acid receptors in

the post synaptic membranes. It has a broad spectrum insecticidal activity and widely used for the

management of lepidopteran pests (Zhang et al. 2018). Chlorantraniliprole was the first commercialised

diamide belonging to the anthranilic diamide group and has been proved effective against a range of

lepidopteran insect pests (Satpathy et al. 2020). The insecticide activates ryanodine receptors by

stimulating calcium release from muscle cells causing impaired regulation, paralysis and death of the target

insect species (William et al. 2020). Flubendiamide belongs to the phthalic acid diamide and has been

proven effective against a wide range of lepidopterans including Helicoverpa, Spodoptera, etc.

Flubendiamide stimulates calium pump activity leading to a decreased internal calcium concentration

(Masaki et al. 2006). This results in disruption of muscle function, leading to cessation of feeding paralysis,

regurgitation and ultimate death of the insect. Chlorantraniliprole + lambda cyhalothrin has a dual mode of

action against lepidopteran pests and is available as a ready mix formulation (Osae et al. 2022). Lufenuron

belongs to the the class of benxoylurea and acts as chitin synthesis inhibitors to a wide range of insects,

leading to abnormal moulting from neonate to adult stages. It is widely used against several army worm

species belonging to Lepidoptera (Gelbic et al. 2011). The present investigations were carried out to compare

the efficacy of novel insecticides against maize fall armyworm.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An experiment with eight treatments and three replications was taken up in the Department of

Millets, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during two seasons viz., kharif, 2021 and kharif,

2022. The maize hybrid, Co(H)M 8 was planted at a recommended spacing of 75 x 20 cm. Plots of 4.5 x 3.0

m size were laid out for imposing different treatments. The insecticidal treatments were imposed, using a

battery operated knapsack sprayer using 500 lit spray fluid per hectare preferably during early morning hours

when the wind speed was considerably low. Observations on fall armyworm infestation was recorded by

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randomly sampling 20 plants per plot and the individual plants were scored on 1-9 scale of Davis and

Williams (1992). The per cent infestation was worked out based on the number of plants showing fresh whorl

infestation

Per cent infestation = ^{No. of plants showing fresh infestation}

x 100

Two rounds of spraying were imposed in the trial plots; the first when the Davis score in all the

treatments exceeded 4.0 and the second spraying fifteen days later. Observations on per cent infestation

and score have been recorded just prior to spraying and at 10 days after each spraying. The 1-9 Davis and

Williams Scale (1992) followed for recording scores is furnished in Table 1. Besides recording whorl injury,

the cob injury was also recorded at the time of harvest following a similar 1-9 scale of ear and kernel

damage rating (Table 2) proposed by Williams et al. (2006). At the time of harvest, the individual plot yield

was recorded and extrapolated to grain yield per ha. Based on the current price of the insecticides used for

the experiment the Benefit: Cost (BC) ratio was also worked out. The data on per cent damage and FAW

score were subjected to appropriate transformations and analysed through one way ANOVA.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The pretreatment infestation ranged between 66.7 and 71.7 per cent in different treatments. The

pooled mean of two years revealed that after the first round of spraying, the least infestation was recorded

in plots treated with chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC (16.7%) followed by

flubendiamide (20.0%) and spinetoram (20.0%) as against 86.7 per cent in control plots (Table 3). The score

also reflected a similar trend with chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + lambda cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC registering the least

score (1.4) followed by flubendiamide (1.5) and spinetoram (1.5) as against 5.8 in control plots. After second

round of spraying too, chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + lambda cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC exhibited the least infestation

(10.0%) with a score of 1.4 and was on par with emamectin benzoate (10.0% infestation; 1.2 score).

Chlorantraniliprole-lambda-cyhalothrin combination was found more effective than emamectin benzoate in

reducing the infestation by the tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Fanigliulo, 2012). It should be noted that,

the combination product, chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC was found to be toxic to

the egg parasitoid, Telenomus podisi, an effective one against the soybean pentatomid, Euschistus heros

(Fabricius), wherein the insecticide chlorantraniliprole was less toxic to the aforesaid parasitoid (Silva et al.

2018). Chlorantraniliprole + Lambda cyhalothrin has been found to significantly reduce the population of fall

armyworm at 200-240 ml/ha recommendation (Osae et al. 2022). The combination insecticide has also

been proved effective against the brinjal fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Sen et al. 2017) under

field conditions and the tomato pin worm, Tuta absoluta under laboratory conditions (Braham et al. 2017).

Emamectin benzoate 5% SG, spinetoram 11.7%SC, chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC and flubendiamide 480%SC

registered fall army worm infestation in the range of 10.0 to 15.0 per cent while the scores were also on par

with each other (1.2 – 1.4) in all these treatments with the control exhibiting 78.3 per cent infestation and

a score of 5.4. The efficacy of chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, spinetoram and flubendiamide were

proved by Deshmukh et al. (2020) in both laboratory bioassay and field evaluation studies under Indian

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conditions. Chlorantraniliprole was one of the insecticides that resulted in more than 40 per cent mortality

of larval population at 28 days after treatment in studies conducted by Hardke et al. (2011). Mian et al.

(2022) observed the efficacy of chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate in terms of reduction in larval

population which was the reason behind reduced levels of infestation in the aforesaid treatments in trials

conducted at Pakistan. Emammectin benzoate 5%SG possess selective efficacy against lepidopteran pests

due to its contact action and translaminar activity (Fanigliulo and Sacchetti, 2008). Emamectin benzoate

has also been proved effective against Helicoverpa armigera in tomato (Fanigliulo and Sacchetti, 2008),

diamond back moth infesting cabbage (Zhao et al. 2006), cotton boll worm (Ahmad et al., 2019), etc. Out of

the seven insecticides evaluated against maize fall armyworm under laboratory conditions, spinetoram

exhibited poor performance when compared to broflanilide and abamectin (Idrees et al. 2022). With respect

to cob infestation, all the treatments except lufenuron exhibited a significant reduction (30.0 – 45.0 %) while

lufenuron exhibited a cob infestation of 53.3 per cent as against 61.7 per cent in untreated control. However,

the cob infestation score did not exceed 2.7 in all the treatments while the control registered a cob score of

2.8. The maximum yield was recorded in emamectin benzoate 5%SG and flubendiamide 480%SC treated

plots (5880 kg/ha and 5855 kg/ha, respectively. This was followed by spinetoram 11.7%SC and

chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC treated plots wherein the yields were 5542 kg/ha and 5658 kg/ha, respectively

as against 3989 kg/ha in the untreated control. Vinothkumar et al. (2023) observed that, spinetoram

registered significantly higher yields followed by chlorantraniliprole while registering lesser larval population

and minimum levels of infestation. The Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee also

recommends the use of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, emamectin benzoate 5%SG, spinetoram 11.7 SC,

combination insecticides such as novaluron 5.25 % + emamectin benzoate 0.9 % SC for fall armyworm

management (DPPQS, 2023).

The Benfit: Cost ratio (B:C) was worked out based on the yield obtained in different treatments

keeping the cost of maize grains @ Rs. 2400/quintal. It was observed that, the maximum BC ratio was

realised with emamectin benzoate5%SG (2.31) followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC (2.16),

flubendiamide 480%SC (2.10) and spinetortam 11.7%SC (2.09) in that order while the untreated control

registered a BC ratio of 1.55.

CONCLUSION

Evaluation of newer insecticides against fall armyworm revealed that, chlorantraniliprole 9.3% +

lambda cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC registered lesser infestation after first round of spraying. Emamectin benzoate

5%SG, Spinetoram 11.7%SC, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC, Flubendiamide 480%SC and Chlorantraniliprole

9.3% + Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC were on par in their efficacy in reducing the fall armyworm infestation

after second round of spraying, though emamectin benzoate and flubendiamide treated plots registered

comparatively higher yields. With respect to B:C ratio, emamectin benzoate and chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC

registered comparatively higher BC ratio. Thus, the above insecticides at the recommended doses can be

used in maize ecosystems to effectively tackle the fall armyworm menace.

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Table 3. Evaluation of newer molecules for the management of maize fall armyworm (Pooled mean of two years viz., kharif 2021 &kharif 2022)

Treatments

Dose

(g or

ml/lit)

Pre-treatment count

10 DAS

I Spray

10 DAS

II Spray

Cob damage

Plot

yield

(kg/ha)

ratio*

infestation #

Score

infestation #

Score

infestation #

Score

infestation #

Score

Chlorantraniliprole 9.3%

+ Lambda cyhalothrin

4.6% ZC

0.5

71.7

(57.9)

4.0

(2.1)

16.7a

(24.1)

1.4a

(1.4)

18.3bc

(18.4)

1.4a

(1.4)

45.0c

(42.1)

2.3bc

(1.7)

5563b

2.09

Novaluron 5.25% +

Emamectin benzoate

0.9% SC

2.0

68.3

(55.7)

4.1

(2.1)

21.7ab

(27.8)

1.7b

(1.5)

25.0c

(30.0)

2.1b

(1.6)

35.0ab

(36.3)

2.0ab

(1.6)

5289c

2.01

Emamectin benzoate

5% SG

0.4

71.7

(57.9)

3.8

(2.1)

25.0bc

(30.0)

1.7b

(1.5)

10.0a

(18.4)

1.2a

(1.3)

40.0bc

(39.2)

2.0ab

(1.6)

5880a

2.31

Spinetoram 11.7%SC

0.5

68.3

(55.7)

4.2

(2.2)

20.0ab

(26.6)

1.5ab

(1.4)

11.7ab

(20.0)

1.2a

(1.3)

35.0ab

(36.3)

2.0ab

(1.6)

5542b

2.09

Chlorantraniliprole

18.5%SC

0.4

66.7

(54.8)

4.0

(2.1)

31.7c

(34.3)

2.0c

(1.6)

15.0ab

(22.8)

1.3a

(1.3)

30.0a

(33.2)

1.8a

(1.5)

5658b

2.16

Flubendiamide 480%SC

0.3

70.0

(56.8)

3.9

(2.1)

20.0ab

(26.6)

1.5ab

(1.4)

15.0ab

(22.8)

1.4a

(1.4)

30.0a

(33.2)

1.8a

(1.5)

5855a

2.10

Lufenuron

0.6

68.3

(55.7)

4.2

(2.2)

45.0d

(42.1)

2.4d

(1.7)

45.0d

(42.1)

4.4c

(2.2)

61.7d

(51.8)

2.8c

(1.8)

4862d

1.91

Untreated control

70.0

(56.8)

4.3

(2.2)

86.7e

(68.6)

5.8e

(2.5)

78.3e

(62.2)

5.4d

(2.4)

53.3d

(46.9)

2.7c

(1.8)

3989e

1.55

SEd

2.30

0.04

3.04

0.06

2.12

0.08

CD (p< 0.05)

4.94

0.08

6.52

0.14

4.56

0.17

#Values in paranthesis are arcsine transformed values

$ Values in paranthesis are square root transformed values

*Cost of maize grains fixed at Rs. 2400/quintal to work out B:C ratio

Values in a column followed by a common letter are not significantly different by LSD (P<0.05)