MadrasAgric.J.,2024; ; https://doi.org/10.29321/MAJ.10.500003

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REVIEW ARTICLE

Received: 27 Aug 2024

Revised: 13 Sep 2024

Accepted: 21 Sep 2024

*Corresponding author's e-mail: shraddhawale99@gmail.com

Bioplastics From Fruit Waste: A Trade Opportunity in a Green

Future

Shraddha R. Wale¹, Dr. Sunil D. Patil², Shashwat P. Mahalle¹, Gitanjali S. Bahiram ², J. R. Korat³

1Department of Horticulture, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar, 413722, Maharashtra (India)

2Horticulture section, College of Agriculture, Dhule, 424 004. Maharashtra (India)

3Division of Fruit Crops, ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta Lake PO, Bengaluru, 560089, Karnataka

ABSTRACT

Bioplastics are biologically derived, biodegradable polymers. Food waste

is a challenge for sustainable development as it can increase greenhouse

gas emissions and other issues related to the environment. Meanwhile,

plastic waste contributes significantly to environmental pollution. Because

of increasing environmental concerns due to conventional plastics,

the development of “environmentally friendly” materials has attracted

extensive interest. Fruit waste is known to increase during fruit processing

and manufacturing. The present study aims to explore the potential of fruit

waste as a bioplastic material as an environmentally friendly alternative

to conventional plastic. Most of the fruit wastes have the potential to be

developed as bioplastics as they contain starch, cellulose, pectin, and other

biopolymers. Some of the fruit waste is generated by the fruit processing

industries, including banana peel, pineapple peel, durian seed, jackfruit

seed, avocado seed, orange peel, jackfruit perianth, pomegranate peel and

dragon fruit peel etc. The production of bioplastics from fruit waste offers the

potential to indirectly address two issues, namely reducing plastic waste and

fruit waste, at the same time, thereby promoting environmental sustainability.

In order to overcome the challenges and develop workable methods for

producing bio-based plastics, it is in fact necessary to step up innovations and

research in this area. This eco-friendly strategy can reduce our dependency on

conventional polymers made of fossil fuels and take us to a more sustainable

future.

Key words: Fruit waste, Bioplastics, Biodegradable, Ecofriendly, Sustainable

1.INTRODUCTION

Plastic has become an integral part of our lives,

but it also generates a lot of waste globally each year.

(Muthaszeeret al. 2020). Plastics, metal and glass

containers, worn-out machinery, food wrapping, old

furniture, garbage, etc. are the major sources of land

pollution (Modebelu et al. 2014). Today, plastics have

become a serious environmental issue. Conventional

plastics decompose very slowly, which can cause the

original products to remain in landfills for hundreds or

even thousands of years. (Maheshwari et al. 2013).

Non-biodegradable

plastics

create

severe

environmental problems and pose risks to both human

and animal health. Millions of seabirds and other

aquatic species have died as a result of plastic pollution.

Since 2010, global plastics manufacturing has surged

by 36%. This has generated significant interest in bio

based plastics to meet global plastic demands (Nanda

et al. 2022). Conventional plastics are produced by

using non-renewable resources, including petroleum,

coal and natural gas. It takes many decades to

degrade in nature and also produces toxins during

degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to produce

plastics from materials that can be easily removed

from our biosphere in an “ecofriendly” manner. It is

termed bioplastics. (Sartika et al. 2018).

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Bioplastics are a renewable type of plastic because

their constituents are made of biopolymers derived

from agricultural resources, including starch, cellulose,

proteins, and pectin. (Gustafsson et al. 2019). Starch

is one of the major component of bioplastics. As starch

is a renewable, readily available and inexpensive

material, it is frequently employed in the form of

biodegradable films for a range of purposes. (Alves

et al. 2015). Many research studies using starches as

matrix for bioplastics have confirmed the potential of

the biodegradable polymer (Moro et al. 2017). There

have been several authors who have used starch

sources to develop bioplastic, such as avocado seeds

(Ginting et al. 2018; Ramesh et al. 2021), jackfruit seed

(Harahap et al. 2018; Santana et al. 2018;Kaharet

al. 2019) and durian seed (Ginting et al. 2017) apple

pomace (Gustafsson et al. 2019).

Bioplastic can be made from polymers derived

from biological sources. Food waste is one of the

biological sources that can be used to make bioplastic.

It comes from the food processing industry or domestic

consumption, such as pineapple peel, banana peel,

durian seed, jackfruit seed, avocado seed, apple

pomace, etc. The production of bioplastic from food

waste has a double benefit: it can simultaneously

address two issues, namely the reduction of plastic

and food waste, thereby promoting environmental

sustainability ((Ramadhan et al. 2020).

The amount of waste produced by the fruit and

vegetable industries is considerably higher, with peels

accounting for 25–30% of the total, followed by seeds,

skins, shells, pods, cores, pulp, pomace, etc. (Rifna

et al. 2023). If these fruit wastes are not handled

properly, they can cause significant environmental

concerns such as water and soil pollution, the

greenhouse effect, eutrophication, global warming,

and other health issues (Medeiros et al. 2020). These

fruit wastes have potential uses in the development of

bioplastics. Therefore, the production of bioplastics is

a way to reduce and recycle waste after its useful life,

and it also helps to reduce the pressure of negative

impacts on the environment. (Ramirez et al. 2023).

The purpose of this study is to summarize any

kind of fruit waste that proved can be developed into

bioplastic material with potential applications in food

packaging to promote environmental sustainability.

2. Fruit Loss and Processing Waste

According to the FAO of the United Nations, about

14% and 17% of the food produced worldwide is either

lost or wasted each year. However, a new report from

the World Wide Fund for Nature WWF and Tesco in

2021 stated that, around 2.5 billion tons of food are

lost or wasted globally each year. This indicates an

increase of over 1.2 billion tons from the prior estimate

of 1.3 billion. According to these revised estimates,

food waste is more than previously believed (33%),

with an estimated 40% of all food produced going

uneaten. According to the FAO, food waste would be

the third-largest carbon dioxide emitter in the world if

it were a nation, after China and the US. It is projected

that fruits and vegetables, account for approximately

46% of food waste. (1400 million tons produced are

wasted). (Nirmal et al. 2023). According to a Swedish

survey, bananas are the fruit that is wasted the most

because of brown stains or minor bruises in stores

(Mattsson et al. 2018). It is estimated that 3.7 trillion

apples are wasted worldwide annually. Two different

types of waste generated from fruit processing:

solid waste (peels/skins, seeds, stones, etc.) and

liquid waste (juice and wash water). Fruit peel waste

accounts for between 15 and 60% of the various

types of fruit waste that are produced, and it is usually

discarded (Zhang et al. 2020). For several fruits, such

as the mango (30–50%), orange (30–50%), pineapple

(40–50%), and banana (20%), a significant amount is

often wasted. Some fruits, including banana, orange,

mango, watermelon, and lemon, account for between

25 and 57 million tons of waste annually (Leong et al.

2022). If not properly managed, these fruit wastes can

cause significant environmental concerns such water

and soil pollution, greenhouse effect, global warming,

eutrophication, and other health problems. (Medeiros

et al. 2020). Therefore, waste recycling is essential for

the effective utilization of fruit waste for production of

bioplastics.

3.What are Bioplastics?

Bioplastics

are

defined

“plastic

made

from renewable resources or plastics that are

biodegradable in nature” by the European Bioplastics

Organization (EBO) (Bandara et al. 2023). Theseare

similar to conventional plastics in all aspects with the

additional quality being able to easily degrade and

breakdown into natural and safe byproducts (Sartika

et al. 2018). As it madefrom renewable sources can

be naturally recycled by biological processes, thus

protecting the environment by limiting the use of fossil

fuels. Therefore, bioplastics are generally sustainable,

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biocompatible, and biodegradable. Today, bioplastics

have become essential in many industrial applications

including food packaging, agriculture and horticulture,

composting bags, hygiene and also found their use in

biomedical, structural, electrical, and other consumer

products. (Ashter, 2016). These are currently employed

as packaging materials, but it will also be used in

the future for producing various products such as

electronics and vehicle parts (Shah et al.2021).

4.Types of Bio Plastics

Bioplastics refers to a broad family of materials

having different origins, properties and applications.

Any polymer is often described as a bioplastic if it is

either bio-based (derived from renewable feedstock or

microbes), or biodegradable (degrade or decompose

naturally, under appropriate environmental conditions),

or both. Thus bioplastics can be classified into three

categories viz., bio-based and biodegradable, bio-

based and non-biodegradable, fossil-based and

biodegradable. Another one is fossil-based and non-

biodegradable which are known as conventional

plastics.

4.1. Bio-based and Non-biodegradable

This

group

includes

well-known

commodity

polymers made from bioethanol, such as polyvinyl

chloride and polyethene. These bioplastics are

chemically similar to their fossil based equivalents and

are non-biodegradable in nature. However, they have

a lower carbon foot print because they don’t produce

more carbon dioxide during incineration.

Bio-based polyamides, polyepoxides and polyesters

(e.g. polytrimethylene terephthalate) are also belong

to this group of bioplastics. (Bátori, 2018).

Table1. Comparative account of Conventional Plastics and Bioplastics

Properties

Conventional Plastic

Bioplastics

Origin

Hydrocarbon

Agricultural waste, Food waste, Fruit

waste, Biowaste from effluent

Materials

Made up of finite materials, Fossil

resources required, cannot be renewed

Made up of bio waste and based on

renewable resources

Main products

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC),

Polyethylene (PE),

Polystyrene (PS),

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET),

Starch,

cellulose,

lipid,

chitin,

protein based bioplastics; Polylactic

Acid (PLA), Polyhydroxyalkanoates

(PHA), Polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB)

polymers

Toxicity

It contains Bisphenol A (BPA), a hormone

disrupter and also eco-toxic

Less toxic and does not contain

bisphenol A (BPA)

Sustainability

Mainly non-biodegradable but

biodegradable is also available

Mainly biodegradable but some are

non-biodegradable

Production cost

Respectively low

Costly with respect to conventional

plastic

Energy consumption

More energy uses during production.

Less energy uses during production.

Effect on environment

High greenhouse gas emission, Increases

global warming, leads to abiotic depletion,

reduces soil fertility

Low greenhouse gas emission,

Mostly eco-friendly, no harm to

abiotic factors, increases soil fertility

End of life

Plastic mixed with organic waste will end

up in the landfills.

Bioplastics can be processed in

waste facilities as compost.

Recycling

Recycling process is difficult.

Recycling process is less difficult.

Durability

It is more durable.

It is less durable.

Decomposition time

Traditional plastic can takes hundreds of

years to decompose.

It takes only three to six months for

full decomposition.

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4.2. Bio-based and Biodegradable Plastic “The

True Bioplastics”

These polymers are produced from biologically

derived renewable resources. The majority of the

plastics in this category are derived from natural

polymers such as proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids

from plants or animals origin. Another category of such

material includes products of microorganisms such as

poly hydroxybutyrate (PHB). Additionally, these plastics

can be chemically synthesized from bio-derived

materials, such as polylactic acid (PLA). These plastics

are the true representatives of bioplastics owing to

their biological origin and biodegradability. In order

to make these plastics suitable for commercial use,

the proper plasticizers are mixed with them. Two types

of bio-based and biodegradable plastics are further

described below (George et al. 2021).

4.2.1. Starch Based Bioplastic

The most significant polysaccharide polymer

utilized to develop biodegradable films is starch

since it has the ability to form a continuous matrix.

The primary components of starch are amylose and

amylopectin(Meenakshi et al. 2022). Starch is used as

a raw material for manufacturing variety of industrial

applications. As starch is energy reserve in plants, it is

found in abundance. Starch imparts textural features

and it has potential to form gel or film that makes it a

valuable product for industrial applications. Starch is

used in various industrial purposes namely emulsifying

agent, defoaming agents, thickening agent and as

sizing agents (Yazid et al. 2018).

In starch based plastics, starch can be utilized as

native starch, modified starch or blended with other

synthetic polymers. Starch-based polymers have a wide

range of applications because of their thermoplasticity,

flexibility, cost-effectiveness, water-repellent nature,

and biodegradability. They are used to make pots,

cups, sacks & packs, diaper films, air bubble films,

and pharmaceutical packaging. (George et al. 2021).

When combined with a plasticizing agents, starch has

been widely employed for producing thermoplastic

polymers. Therefore, plant wastes rich in this polymer

have great potential for processing into conventional

thermoplastic polymers (Merino et al. 2022).

4.2.2. Cellulose based Bioplastic

Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound

in nature and a key component of plant cell walls.

Depending on the type of plant, its content may vary

from 50% to 90%. Cellulose derived from higher plants

is a mixture of cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, and other

polysaccharides, including pectin and hemicelluloses.

The acetates, butyrate and propionates of celluloses

are abundantly used in the production of plastics.

Among these cellulose acetate is a tough, clear, stable

and flexible plastic with excellent resistance to organic

and inorganic chemicals. Often, plasticizers are added

to further improve its properties. Ether cellulose and

cellulose nitrate (celluloid) are other forms of cellulose

useful in plastic formation.Currently, lignocellulosic

biomass and cellulose-rich food industry waste are

regarded as cheap sources of cellulose to produce

plastic. Important applications of cellulose based

plastics include plastic films for LCD and antifog goggles;

cellulose based coatings for metal and wood, printing

inks, filters for window cartons, water-soluble films

used for packaging medical capsules and detergent

powders that readily dissolve in water. (George et

al. 2021).Cellulose derivatives are polysaccharide

made up of linear chains joined together by beta (1-

4) glucosidic units. Cellulose derivatives utilized for

edible films and coatings are Hydroxypropyl cellulose,

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Carboxymethylcellulose

and Methylcellulose. They exhibit thermo-gelation

which is the process whereby suspensions form gel

when heated and return to their original consistency

when cooled. (Shah et al. 2021).

4.3. Fossil-based Biodegradable Plastics

These polymers are a group of materials made

from petroleum, and they are still capable of

breaking down naturally. Polyesters in this group

are polycaprolactone, polyglycolic acid, polybutylene

adipate-co-terephthalate, and polybutylene succinate.

These polymers have hydrolytic instability and

biodegradability due to the ester linkage in their

backbones(Rodriguezet al.2010)

4.4. Fossil-based Non-Biodegradable Plastics

These plastics are a group of materials that are

derived from petrochemicalsand do not decompose

naturally. Petroleum-based plastic is often durable,

long lived and non-biodegradable. These are generally

referred to as conventional plastics. (Sidek et al. 2019)

This group includes plastics like polyethylene,

polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyvinyl

chloride and polypropylene.

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Figure 1. Types of Plastics, their degradability and examples. Except the fossil based non-

biodegradable plastic, rest three are considered under the category of bioplastics

5. Different kinds of plasticizers used for the

production of bioplastic

Plasticizers are a type of relatively non-volatile, low-

molecular-weight organic compounds that are added

to plastic polymers to reduce brittleness, reduce

crystallinity, improve durability and toughness, and

lower melting temperatures. These reduce polymer-

polymer contact; due to this, the rigidity of the 3D

structures is also reduced, which thereby improves

the deformation ability without rupture (Tyagi &

Bhattacharya, 2019). Different types of plasticizers,

including polyols like glycol, glycerol, (Arfat, Y. A. 2017)

sorbitol, fructose, sucrose, and mannose, as well as

fatty acids like palmitate or myristate, are utilized in

the manufacturing of bioplastics. Among these, the

most widely studied and used plasticizer is glycerol

because of its non-toxicity, low cost, and high boiling

point (292 °C) (Shah et al. 2021).

6.General process of bioplastic making.

The process of bioplastic making may be different for

each material utilized, the properties of the bioplastic

produced, and the various product configurations.

According to previous research, figure 1 summarized

the complex process of bioplastic making. Each

process included different methods, components, and

compositions. (Ramadhan et al. 2020).

Pre-Treatment

includes

procedures

including

material grinding, drying, and hydrolyzation. Not

all parts of the waste are used; only the starch and

cellulose of the waste are extracted for use in the

production of bioplastic. And the most important part

is characterizing materials, including adding plasticizer

agents,

odor-controlling

agents,

and

biological

material. (Ramadhan et al. 2020).

7. Fruit waste used as bioplastic material

In the current world, where food is a scare resource,

we can make bioplastics from non-edible parts. The

majority of raw materials used to make bioplastics

come from agricultural or farm products. Fruit waste

is a significant material that can be used to develop

biopolymers or bioplastics.

Things such as orange peel, pomegranate

peel, banana peel, jackfruit perianth, durian seed

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The process of bioplastic making may be different for each material utilized, the properties

of the bioplastic produced, and the various product configurations. According to previous research,

figure 1 summarized the complex process of bioplastic making. Each process included different

methods, components, and compositions. (Ramadhan et al. 2020).

Figure 2. The general process of bioplastic making.

Pre-Treatment includes procedures including material grinding, drying, and hydrolyzation.

Not all parts of the waste are used; only the starch and cellulose of the waste are extracted for use in

the production of bioplastic. And the most important part is characterizing materials, including

adding plasticizer agents, odor-controlling agents, and biological material. (Ramadhan et al. 2020).

Bioplastic from Avocado seed

Bioplastic from Orange peel

Figure 3. Generalized Process of Bioplastics Production from Biological Wastes

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Figure 3. Generalized Process of Bioplastics Production from Biological Wastes

Figure 2. The general process of bioplastic making.

methods, components, and compositions. (Ramadhan et al. 2020).

Figure 2. The general process of bioplastic making.

Pre-Treatment includes procedures including material grinding, drying, and hydrolyzation.

Not all parts of the waste are used; only the starch and cellulose of the waste are extracted for use in

the production of bioplastic. And the most important part is characterizing materials, including adding

plasticizer agents, odor-controlling agents, and biological material. (Ramadhan et al. 2020).

Pre-Treatment of

material

Extraction of material

Characterization

Bioplastic from Avocado seed

Bioplastic from Orange peel

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etc. can utilized for the production of bioplastic.

Bioplastic films made from feedstock derived from

polysaccharide residue are very popular nowadays.

These lignocellulosic feedstocks are useful for the

manufacturing of bioplastic because they contain

cellulose, hemicelluloses, starch, and pectin.

7.1. Banana peel

Banana peels, a byproduct of agricultural processing

industries, can be used in making bioplastics as they

contain cellulose, starch, pectin, and other polymers.

Cellulose is modified to produce thermoplastic

polymers by acetylation (cellulose acetate) (Rana et al.

2018).The pectin found in banana peel, ranging from

5% to 12%, has the potential to be used as a source for

the production of bioplastics. (Abel et al. 2023).

Pectin is used in the production of bioplastics as

an emulsifier that increases intermolecular bonds in

the film. Citric acid has been added to banana peels

to avoid browning so that pectin produced by banana

peels is brighter. (Chodijah et al. 2019).

7.2. Apple pomace

Apple pomace represents 25% to 30% of the

original weight of the apple (Ampeseet al. 2023).

Producing apple juice, cider, or wine results in the

production of millions of tons of apple pomace

annually throughout the world. Apple pomace is not

suited for animal feeding or landfilling due to the acidic

properties of the fruit and its high sugar and low protein

content. (Perusselloet al. 2017). This residue can be

utilized to make bioplastic due to its high moisture

content and biodegradable organic content. Cellulose

(7%–44%), insoluble lignin (15%–20%), starch (14%–

17%), and pectin (4%–14%) make up the majority

of the constituents of apple pomace. (Gustafsson et

al.2019).

7.3. Pineapple peel

Pineapple peel is a byproduct of both the pineapple

processing industry and domestic consumption.

Cellulose, the primary constituent of the peel, can

be extracted by refluxing it with acidic or alkaline

solutions. Cellulose is a naturally occurring polymer

with a homogenous chain structure made up of glucose

units. Through the etherification process, cellulose

can be converted into carboxy methylcellulose (CMC).

(Chumee & Khemmakama 2014).

7.4. Durian seed

Durian seeds are a byproduct of food processing

industries and a portion of the fruit that is not

eaten because it is sticky and irritant to the tongue.

Nevertheless, the seeds contain nutrients like protein,

carbohydrates, fats, and minerals like calcium and

phosphorus. Durian seeds contain starch, which has

the potential to be used as a raw material for production

of bioplastics. However, there are several drawbacks

to starch-based bioplastics, such as lower mechanical

strength and less water resistance. (Ramadhan et al.

2020).

Durian seed has a high starch content of 42.1%,

making it a promising raw material for bioplastics.

The biodegradable time was found to be between

two and four weeks using durian seed starch as the

raw material and glycerol as the exploration medium.

(Irhamni et al. 2014; Retnowati et al. 2015; Jannah

et al. 2021). Other plasticizers like polyethylene glycol

(PEG) can increase the strain on bioplastic because it

is thicker, stronger, and well-soluble in water. (Apriani

et al.2022)

7.5.Jackfruit seed

Jackfruit seed, which makes about 8–15% of the

jackfruit, has a high starch content, making it a potential

food waste. (Kringelet al. 2020). It can be used as raw

material for production of bioplastics. Studies on the

production of bioplastics from jackfruit seed starch have

been carried out. The jackfruit contained a moisture

content of 6.04%, amylose content of 16.39%, starch

content of 70.22%, ash content of 1.08%, amylopectin

content of 53.83%, protein content of 4.68%, and a

fat content of 0.54%. Starch, chitosan, and sorbitol

were used in combination for producing the bioplastic.

The best bioplastic had a tensile strength of 13,524

MPa and was obtained by the ratio of starch: chitosan

(w/w) = 8:2 and a concentration of sorbitol of 25%.

Meanwhile, glycerol is used as a plasticizer in other

studies for the production of bioplastic from jackfruit

seeds. The starch concentrations used ranged from

2-6% w/w, while the amount of glycerol per 100 grams

of starch was 20–60 g. (Lubis et al.2017).

Jackfruit seed starch can be used as a base

material for bioplastics with characteristics including

low opacity, moderate water vapor permeability, and

relatively high mechanical stability. (Santana et al.

2018).

7.6. Avocado seed

Avocado seed, which makes up 13-18% of the

overall weight of the fruit (Siol&Sadowska, 2023) is

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a potential food waste due to its high starch content.

Like jackfruit seed, this starch content can be used

as a raw material for making bioplastics. The avocado

seed starch had a starch content of 73.62 % and

amylopectin content of 73.55 % so that avocado seed

has potential to be plastic film material. (Ginting et

al.2018). Chitosan and glycerol have been added to

an avocado seed starch in a bioplastic development

study.Bioplastics with glycerol as a plasticizer and

chitosan as a filler have few cavities and a smooth, soft

fracture surface (Ginting et al.2015).

7.7. Orange peel

About 50–60% of the leftovers produced during

the manufacturing of orange juice are not used. The

orange wastes contain valuable bioactive substances

like cellulose and pectin that have the potential to be

used to make bioplastics (Othman & Fadzil, 2021).The

bio-plastic film made from orange peel was produced

using simple laboratory techniques. The developed

film blends with glycerol as a plasticizer have shown

consistent and promising outcomes. This has excellent

strength, flexibility, and disintegration in soiling

conditions, has a rough morphology, and shows the

film’s biodegradability nature (Yaradoddiet al. 2022).

7.8. Jackfruit perianth

The waste of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

perianth can be converted into environmentally friendly

bioplastics. The composition of jackfruit perianth,

sach as glycerol, cellulose and starch influence the

properties of synthesized bioplastics. It has also

been found that bioplastics with higher glycerol

concentrations have lower tensile strength. This study

shows that waste agricultural raw materials, such the

jackfruit perianth, have the potential to be converted

into bioplastic, an environmentally friendly substitute

to plastics based on petrochemicals. (Muthaszeer et

al. 2020).

7.9. Pomegranate peel

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a rich source

of bioactive compounds which contains pectin-27%,

cellulose-26.2%,

hemicelluloses-10.8%,

and

lignin-5.7%. The polysaccharides in pomegranate

peel undergo acid hydrolysis and are converted

into monosaccharides, which then breakdown into

cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin components.

These components are further utilized to produce

bioplastics. (Chozhavendhan et al. 2020).

7.10. Dragon fruit peel

The skin of the Hylocereus polyrhizus is peeled

off and eaten as fresh fruit. They are additionally

processed into juice, jams, syrups, and other industrial

goods. The peel makes up about 22% of the fruit,

which is considered waste from the processing of

dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). (Taharuddin et al.

2023). The peel of dragon fruit contains around 10.8%

pectin. Peels have not been used and are discarded

as agricultural waste. According to several research,

pectin from dragon fruit can be extracted and used to

develop biofilms. (Listyariniet al. 2020).

8. Future prospects

In recent years, bioplastic has become a cutting-

edge and environmentally friendly material. Although it

is generally considered to be an appropriate substitute

for conventional chemical-based plastics, there are

still a number of issues that need to be addressed.

These include improving mechanical properties such

as heat and shock resistance, expanding the range

of applications, enhancing processability, developing

industry standards, and reducing production costs.

In order to solve these challenges, scientists are

presently

investigating

novel

plasticizers

and

developing composite polymers to improve mechanical

capabilities. Finding appropriate biological sources,

particularly those found in waste products, is a vital

approach to improve the sustainability of the production

process. If these initiatives are successful, bioplastics

might be used in more sectors, which would drive

this industry’s rapid expansion. Further development

is anticipated with intensive study that would solve

the issues with the technique now used to produce

bioplastics and also eliminate our dependency on

conventional polymers made from fossil fuels. While

facing serious concerns about climate change and the

exhaustion of resources, bioplastics might be a helpful

step toward a more sustainable future. The bio-based

plastics are environmentally friendly and also pave

the way for organic waste management, in a more

effective manner. Extensive research and innovative

methods for producing these bio-based plastics would

boost environmental sustainability and human life

expectancy.

CONCLUSION

The use of renewable resources rather than

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111|7-9|

petrochemical ones in the manufacturing of bioplastics

is better for the environment and other forms of life

on the planet. Petrochemical-based plastics have

a number of drawbacks, including the fact that

they pollute the environment and release harmful

gases during production and recycling. Additionally,

consuming food that has been packaged in plastic may

result in cancer. Due to this, global interest is growing

in the development of innovative biodegradable

polymers from renewable natural resources. Instead

of petroleum-based plastics, we should use bioplastic

because it is renewable, biodegradable, sustainable,

and environmentally friendly. Therefore, there is a

great need to promote research and development in

the field of bioplastics. However, bioplastics are not

the only solution, changes in the way we buy, consume

and dispose of plastic are also important.

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