MadrasAgric.J.,2024; ; https://doi.org/10.29321/MAJ.10.500012
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Received: 11 Aug 2024
Revised: 22 Aug 2024
Accepted: 13 Sep 2024
*Corresponding author's e-mail: entosrini@gmail.com
Exploring Newer Molecules With Novel Modes of Action
For The Management of The Invasive Maize Fall Armyworm,
Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)
T. Srinivasan1*, P.S. Shanmugam1, V. Baskaran1, B. Vinothkumar2, A. Suganthi1, T. Elaiyabharathi1,
P. Lakshmi Soujanya3, S. Bagyaraj1, V. Somasundaram1, S. Sivakumar4, J.C. Sekar3,
R. Ravikesavan5
1Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
2ICAR - Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Wood House Farm, Dodabetta, Ooty – 643002, Tamil Nadu, India
3ICAR- Indian Institute of Maize Research, Winter Nursery Centre, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, Telangana, India
4Department of Millets, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India
5Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, India
ABSTRACT
Maize is affected by more than 30 insect pests and the recent attack
by the invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda has been a serious
concern to maize growers all over the country. Being polyphagous with a
wider host range, the pest necessitates the use of insecticides in the
hitherto unsprayed maize ecosystems of the country. Evaluation of newer
insecticides against fall armyworm revealed that, the combination insecticide,
chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + lambda cyhalothrin 4.6%ZC registered lesser
infestation after first round of spraying. However after two rounds of spraying,
emamectin benzoate 5%SG, spinetoram 11.7%SC, chlorantraniliprole
18.5%SC, flubendiamide 480%SC and chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + lambda
cyhalothrin 4.6%ZC were on par in their efficacy in reducing the fall armyworm
infestation, though emamectin benzoate and flubendiamide treated plots
registered comparatively higher yields. With respect to B:C ratio, emamectin
benzoate and chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC registered comparatively higher
BC ratio followed by flubendiamide 480%SC, spinetoram 11.7%SC and
chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + lambda cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC. Thus the above
insecticides can be used in maize ecosystems to effectively tackle the fall
armyworm menace.
Keywords: Maize; Fall Armyworm; Spodoptera frugiperda; New Insecticides; Evaluation
INTRODUCTION
Maize (Zea mays L.), the “Queen of cereals” is a
staple crop in India, grown in an area of 8.8 million
ha with a production of 22.5 million tonnes per year
(Sharanabasappa et al. 2020). The crop is cultivated
in an area of 3.55 lakh ha in the state with an annual
production of 25.3 lakh tonnes and productivity of 7.1
tonnes/ha (INDIASTAT, 2021). The crop is affected by
more than 30 insect pests in field as well as storage
(Mathur, 1992) and with the recent introduction of the
invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.
Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) there is a growing
concern among maize growers of the country (Lackisha
Navin et al., 2021). It was recorded as a polyphagous
invasive pest in Africa during 2016 (Goergen et al.,
2016) which expanded to show its presence in Asia,
in 2018. The pest was first observed in Shivamogga,
Karnataka during May, 2018 and in quick succession
in different parts of the country viz., Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal, Gujarat, Chhatisgarh
and Kerala at alarming levels in farmer’s field (IIMR-
2020). The fall armyworm is having a wider host range
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of more than 353 hosts causing widespread threat in
the Americas (Montezano et al. 2018). Yield losses in
maize due to fall armyworm infestation goes up to 32%
in the United States (Wiseman and Isenhour, 1993)
and 45-60% in Nicaragua (Hruska and Glandstone,
1988).
The infestation by maize starts at a very early stage
viz., 14-21 days causing extensive defoliation in maize
whorls, besides feeding upon tassels and cobs at later
stages of the crop (Lamsal et al. 2020). The first three
instars cause damage by scrapping, while late instar
larval stages tend to reside and feed inside the central
whorls or funnel leaves (Tefera et al. 2019) causing
severe injury to the whorls. The central whorl is often
filled with moist frass and excreta, and the developing
larvae plug the whorl region with frass and feeds inside
in a protective environment leading to control failures
occasionally (Nidhi et al., 2019).An attempt was made
to evaluate newer molecules with differential mode of
action for effectively tackling the invasive pest and to
integrate the same in the IPM programmes.
Emamectin benzoate belongs to the avermectin
family, derived as a natural fermentation product
from
the
soil
microorganism,
Streptomyces
avermitilis (Stavrakaki, 2022). It is a broad-spectrum,
macrocyclic lactone insecticide effective against
agricultural and forestry pests and possess less toxic
effects to predators, parasitoids and honeybees)
(Jansson et al. 1996). It is a chloride channel
activator, stimulates the 𝛾-aminobutyric acid receptor
(GABA-R) and glutamate-gated chloride channels
(GluCls), resulting in increased membrane chloride
ion permeability and disrupts nerve signals in target
insect pests (Wu et al. 2016). Spinetoram, is a
biological product derived from the soil actinomycete,
Saccharopolyspora polyspinosa. the insecticide affects
nicotinic acetyl choline receptors and gamma-amino
butyric acid receptors in the post synaptic membranes.
It has a broad spectrum insecticidal activity and widely
used for the management of lepidopteran pests
(Zhang et al. 2018). Chlorantraniliprole was the first
commercialised diamide belonging to the anthranilic
diamide group and has been proved effective against
a range of lepidopteran insect pests (Satpathy et al.
2020). The insecticide activates ryanodine receptors
by stimulating calcium release from muscle cells
causing impaired regulation, paralysis and death
of the target insect species (William et al. 2020).
Flubendiamide belongs to the phthalic acid diamide
and has been proven effective against a wide range
of lepidopterans including Helicoverpa, Spodoptera,
etc. Flubendiamide stimulates calium pump activity
leading to a decreased internal calcium concentration
(Masaki et al. 2006). This results in disruption of
muscle function, leading to cessation of feeding
paralysis, regurgitation and ultimate death of the
insect. Chlorantraniliprole + lambda cyhalothrin has a
dual mode of action against lepidopteran pests and is
available as a ready mix formulation (Osae et al. 2022).
Lufenuron belongs to the the class of benxoylurea and
acts as chitin synthesis inhibitors to a wide range of
insects, leading to abnormal moulting from neonate
to adult stages. It is widely used against several army
worm species belonging to Lepidoptera (Gelbic et al.
2011). The present investigations were carried out
to compare the efficacy of novel insecticides against
maize fall armyworm.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
An experiment with eight treatments and three
replications was taken up in the Department of Millets,
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during
two seasons viz., kharif, 2021 and kharif, 2022. The
maize hybrid, Co(H)M 8 was planted at a recommended
spacing of 75 x 20 cm. Plots of 4.5 x 3.0 m size
were laid out for imposing different treatments. The
insecticidal treatments were imposed, using a battery
operated knapsack sprayer using 500 lit spray fluid per
hectare, preferably during early morning hours when
the wind speed was considerably low. Observations on
fall armyworm infestation was recorded by randomly
sampling 20 plants per plot and the individual plants
were scored on 1-9 scale of Davis and Williams (1992).
The per cent infestation was worked out based on the
number of plants showing fresh whorl infestation
Two rounds of spraying were imposed in the
trial plots; the first when the Davis score in all the
treatments exceeded 4.0 and the second spraying
fifteen days later. Observations on per cent infestation
and score have been recorded just prior to spraying
and at 10 days after each spraying. The 1-9 Davis
and Williams Scale (1992) followed for recording
scores is furnished in Table 1. Besides recording whorl
injury, the cob injury was also recorded at the time of
harvest following a similar 1-9 scale of ear and kernel
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damage rating (Table 2) proposed by Williams et al.
(2006). At the time of harvest, the individual plot yield
was recorded and extrapolated to grain yield per ha.
Based on the current price of the insecticides used for
the experiment the Benefit: Cost (BC) ratio was also
worked out. The data on per cent damage and FAW
score were subjected to appropriate transformations
and analysed through one way ANOVA.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The pretreatment infestation ranged between
66.7 and 71.7 per cent in different treatments. The
pooled mean of two years revealed that after the
first round of spraying, the least infestation was
recorded in plots treated with chlorantraniliprole
9.3% + Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC (16.7%) followed
by flubendiamide 480% SC (20.0%) and spinetoram
11.7% SC (20.0%) as against 86.7 per cent in
control plots (Table 3). The score also reflected a
similar trend with chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + lambda
cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC registering the least score (1.4)
followed by flubendiamide (1.5) and spinetoram (1.5)
as against 5.8 in control plots. After second round
of spraying too, chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + lambda
cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC exhibited the least infestation
(10.0%) with a score of 1.4 and was on par with
emamectin benzoate (10.0% infestation; 1.2 score).
Chlorantraniliprole-lambda-cyhalothrin
combination
was found more effective than emamectin benzoate in
reducing the infestation by the tomato pinworm, Tuta
absoluta (Fanigliulo, 2012). It should be noted that,
the combination product, chlorantraniliprole 9.3% +
Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC was found to be toxic to
the egg parasitoid, Telenomus podisi, an effective one
against the soybean pentatomid, Euschistus heros
(Fabricius), wherein the insecticide chlorantraniliprole
was less toxic to the aforesaid parasitoid (Silva et al.
2018). Chlorantraniliprole + Lambda cyhalothrin has
been found to significantly reduce the population of
fall armyworm at 200-240 ml/ha recommendation
(Osae et al. 2022). The combination insecticide has
also been proved effective against the brinjal fruit
and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Sen et al.
2017) under field conditions and the tomato pin
worm, Tuta absoluta under laboratory conditions
(Braham et al. 2017). Emamectin benzoate 5% SG,
Table 1. Whorl leaf feeding rating scale for FAW by Davis et al., (1992)
Rating Scale
1-9 scale description
1
No damage or few pinholes
2
Few short holes (also known as shot holes) on several leaves
3
Shot holes on several leaves
4
Several leaves with shot holes and a few long lesions
5
Several holes with long lesions
6
Several leaves with lesions < 2.5 cm
7
Long lesions common on one half of the leaves
8
Long lesions common on one half to two thirds of leaves
9
Most leaves with long lesions
Table 2. Ear and kernel damage rating scale by Williams et al. (2006)
Rating Scale
1-9 scale description
1
No damage to any ears
2
Tip (<30 mm) damage to 1-3 ears
3
Tip damage to 4–6 ears
4
Tip damage to 7 or more ears and damage below ear tips to 1–3 kernels of 1–3 ears
5
Tip damage to 7 or more ears and damage to 1–3 kernels below tips of 4–6 ears
6
Ear tip damage to 7–10 ears and damage to 1–4 kernels below tips of 7–10 ears
7
Ear tip damage to 7–10 ears and 4–6 kernels destroyed on 4–6 ears
8
Ear tip damage to all ears and 4–6 kernels below tips destroyed on 7–8 ears
9
Ear tip damage to all ears and 5 or more kernels destroyed below tips of 9–10 ears
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Table 3. Evaluation of newer molecules for the management of maize fall armyworm (Pooled mean of two years viz., kharif 2021 &kharif 2022)
Treatments
Dose
(g or ml/
lit)
Pre-treatment count
10 DAS
I Spray
10 DAS
II Spray
Cob damage
Plot yield
(kg/ha)
BC ratio*
% infestation #
Score $
% infestation #
Score $
% infestation #
Score $
% infestation #
Score $
Chlorantraniliprole 9.3% +
Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC
0.5
71.7
(57.9)
4.0
(2.1)
16.7a
(24.1)
1.4a
(1.4)
18.3bc
(18.4)
1.4a
(1.4)
45.0c
(42.1)
2.3bc
(1.7)
5563b
2.09
Novaluron 5.25% +
Emamectin benzoate 0.9%
SC
2.0
68.3
(55.7)
4.1
(2.1)
21.7ab
(27.8)
1.7b
(1.5)
25.0c
(30.0)
2.1b
(1.6)
35.0ab
(36.3)
2.0ab
(1.6)
5289c
2.01
Emamectin benzoate 5% SG
0.4
71.7
(57.9)
3.8
(2.1)
25.0bc
(30.0)
1.7b
(1.5)
10.0a
(18.4)
1.2a
(1.3)
40.0bc
(39.2)
2.0ab
(1.6)
5880a
2.31
Spinetoram 11.7%SC
0.5
68.3
(55.7)
4.2
(2.2)
20.0ab
(26.6)
1.5ab
(1.4)
11.7ab
(20.0)
1.2a
(1.3)
35.0ab
(36.3)
2.0ab
(1.6)
5542b
2.09
Chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC
0.4
66.7
(54.8)
4.0
(2.1)
31.7c
(34.3)
2.0c
(1.6)
15.0ab
(22.8)
1.3a
(1.3)
30.0a
(33.2)
1.8a
(1.5)
5658b
2.16
Flubendiamide 480%SC
0.3
70.0
(56.8)
3.9
(2.1)
20.0ab
(26.6)
1.5ab
(1.4)
15.0ab
(22.8)
1.4a
(1.4)
30.0a
(33.2)
1.8a
(1.5)
5855a
2.10
Lufenuron
0.6
68.3
(55.7)
4.2
(2.2)
45.0d
(42.1)
2.4d
(1.7)
45.0d
(42.1)
4.4c
(2.2)
61.7d
(51.8)
2.8c
(1.8)
4862d
1.91
Untreated control
--
70.0
(56.8)
4.3
(2.2)
86.7e
(68.6)
5.8e
(2.5)
78.3e
(62.2)
5.4d
(2.4)
53.3d
(46.9)
2.7c
(1.8)
3989e
1.55
SEd
-
-
2.30
0.04
3.04
0.06
2.12
0.08
--
--
CD (p< 0.05)
NS
NS
4.94
0.08
6.52
0.14
4.56
0.17
--
--
#Values in paranthesis are arcsine transformed values
$ Values in paranthesis are square root transformed values
*Cost of maize grains fixed at Rs. 2400/quintal to work out B:C ratio
Values in a column followed by a common letter are not significantly different by LSD (P<0.05)
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Fig 1. Population of natural enemies in different treatments (Pooled mean of two years viz., kharif 2021 &kharif 2022)
spinetoram 11.7%SC, chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC
and flubendiamide 480%SC registered fall army worm
infestation in the range of 10.0 to 15.0 per cent while
the scores were also on par with each other (1.2 – 1.4)
in all these treatments with the control exhibiting 78.3
per cent infestation and a score of 5.4. The efficacy of
chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, spinetoram
and flubendiamide were proved by Deshmukh et al.
(2020) in both laboratory bioassay and field evaluation
studies under Indian conditions. Chlorantraniliprole
was one of the insecticides that resulted in more than
40 per cent mortality of larval population at 28 days
after treatment in studies conducted by Hardke et
al. (2011). Mian et al. (2022) observed the efficacy
of chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate in
terms of reduction in larval population which was
the reason behind reduced levels of infestation
in the aforesaid treatments in trials conducted at
Pakistan. Emammectin benzoate 5%SG possess
selective efficacy against lepidopteran pests due to
its contact action and translaminar activity (Fanigliulo
and Sacchetti, 2008). Emamectin benzoate has also
been proved effective against Helicoverpa armigera
in tomato (Fanigliulo and Sacchetti, 2008), diamond
back moth infesting cabbage (Zhao et al. 2006), cotton
boll worm (Ahmad et al., 2019), etc. Out of the seven
insecticides evaluated against maize fall armyworm
under laboratory conditions, spinetoram exhibited
poor performance when compared to broflanilide
and abamectin (Idrees et al. 2022). With respect to
cob infestation, all the treatments except lufenuron
exhibited a significant reduction (30.0 – 45.0 %) while
lufenuron exhibited a cob infestation of 53.3 per cent
as against 61.7 per cent in untreated control. However,
the cob infestation score did not exceed 2.7 in all the
Fig 1. Population of natural enemies in different treatments (Pooled mean of two years viz., kharif
2021 &kharif 2022)
treatments while the control registered a cob score of
2.8. The maximum yield was recorded in emamectin
benzoate 5%SG and flubendiamide 480%SC treated
plots (5880 kg/ha and 5855 kg/ha, respectively.
This was followed by spinetoram 11.7%SC and
chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC treated plots wherein the
yields were 5542 kg/ha and 5658 kg/ha, respectively
as against 3989 kg/ha in the untreated control.
Vinothkumar et al. (2023) observed that, spinetoram
registered significantly higher yields followed by
chlorantraniliprole while registering lesser larval
population and minimum levels of infestation. The
Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee
also recommends the use of chlorantraniliprole 18.5
SC, emamectin benzoate 5%SG, spinetoram 11.7 SC,
combination insecticides such as novaluron 5.25 %
+ emamectin benzoate 0.9 % SC for fall armyworm
management (DPPQS, 2023).
The Benfit: Cost ratio (B:C) was worked out based
on the yield obtained in different treatments keeping
the cost of maize grains @ Rs. 2400/quintal. It was
observed that, the maximum BC ratio was realised
with emamectin benzoate 5%SG (2.31) followed by
chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC (2.16), flubendiamide
480%SC (2.10) and spinetortam 11.7%SC (2.09) in
that order while the untreated control registered a BC
ratio of 1.55.
CONCLUSION
Evaluation of newer insecticides against fall
armyworm
revealed
that,
chlorantraniliprole
9.3% + lambda cyhalothrin 4.6% ZC registered
lesser infestation after first round of spraying.
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Emamectin benzoate 5%SG, Spinetoram 11.7%SC,
Chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC, Flubendiamide 480%SC
and Chlorantraniliprole 9.3% + Lambda cyhalothrin
4.6% ZC were on par in their efficacy in reducing the fall
armyworm infestation after second round of spraying,
though emamectin benzoate and flubendiamide
treated plots registered comparatively higher yields.
With respect to B:C ratio, emamectin benzoate and
chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC registered comparatively
higher BC ratio. Thus, the above insecticides at the
recommended doses can be used in maize ecosystems
to effectively tackle the fall armyworm menace.
Funding and Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledge the facilitation provided
through All India Coordinated Research Project on
Maize.
Ethics statement
No specific permits were required for the described
field studies because no human or animal subjects
were involved in this research.
Originality and plagiarism
The authors assure that the contents are written by
us and were not plagiarised.
Consent for publication
All the authors agreed to publish the content.
Competing interests
There were no conflict of interest in the publication
of this content
Data availability
All the data of this manuscript are included in the
MS. No separate external data source is required. If
anything is required from the MS, certainly, this will
be extended by communicating with the corresponding
author through corresponding official mail
Author Contributions
Research grant - US
Idea conceptualization – TS, PLS, JCS
Experiments – TS, PSS, BV, AS, TE, SB, VS
Guidance – JCS, SS, RR
Writing-original draft - TS, PSS
Writing- reviewing &editing – TS, PSS, TE
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